Developmental neurogenic non-syndromal stuttering (Q101983)

Predominantly genetically caused developmental speech fluency disorder which arises during childhood without recognizable environmental causes, is outside the limits of normal variation expected for age and level of intellectual functioning, and is paralleled by structural and functional cerebral anomalies. This type of stuttering is the most common kind of stuttering and usually labelled just "stuttering". It is characterised by persistent and frequent or pervasive disruption of the rhythmic flow of speech (stutter-typical symptoms, core symptoms) and by frequently occurring accompanying symptoms such as speech-related anxieties and by avoidance of speech situations. It significantly affects communication. Stutter-typical symptoms are repetitions of sounds, syllables or monosyllabic words, prolongations, word breaks, audible or silent blockage of speech production, insertions of sounds and syllables, or excessive use of interjections. Accompanying symptoms are strategies to control, escape or avoid disfluencies, for example by muscle tension, breath irregularities, co-movements of mimic muscles, head, or limbs.